INTRODUCTION Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head (melanocytoma papillae) is a rare, benign melanocytic lesion originating from melanocytes within the optic nerve head. Initially described by Limas and Ulrich in 1962, melanocytoma is histologically distinct from melanomas but shares a similar...

INTRODUCTION Neonatal hyphema is a rare ocular finding. It is characterized by the presence of blood in the anterior chamber. In contrast to the more commonly encountered traumatic hyphema in older children and adults, neonatal hyphema is typically associated with non-traumatic etiologies such...

INTRODUCTION Enucleation represents one of the most invasive procedures in ophthalmic surgery [1]. Although surgically relatively short in duration, this intervention is accompanied by an extremely strong nociceptive stimulus and significant hemodynamic and autonomic responses, including the...

INTRODUCTION Sclerochoroidal calcifications are rare, benign ocular findings characterized by abnormal deposition of calcium and phosphate within the sclera and adjacent choroid. These lesions are most frequently observed in elderly individuals and are often identified incidentally during...