INTRODUCTION Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm distinguished by clonal erythrocytosis. Other features include leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, splenomegaly, pruritus, constitutional symptoms, microcirculatory disturbances, and an increased risk of thrombosis and progression to...

INTRODUCTION Neonatal hyphema is a rare ocular finding. It is characterized by the presence of blood in the anterior chamber. In contrast to the more commonly encountered traumatic hyphema in older children and adults, neonatal hyphema is typically associated with non-traumatic etiologies such...

INTRODUCTION Thromboembolic disorders such as atrial fibrillation-related stroke, venous thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolism remain major contributors to global morbidity and mortality, making anticoagulant therapy essential in modern clinical practice [1,2,3]. While these agents are highly...

INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by cardiac symptoms (e.g., shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue), which may be accompanied by signs (e.g., elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, and peripheral edema). HF occurs due to structural...

INTRODUCTION The concept of cardiotoxicity in the context of cancer treatment was first mentioned in the early 1970s [1]. In 2020, nearly 20 million new cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide, while approximately 10 million oncology patients died during the same year [2]. Over the past 30...

INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, osteoporosis is a systemic, progressive skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. Bone...

INTRODUCTION Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a chronic kidney disease characterized by subepithelial deposition of immunoglobulins and complement components within the glomeruli, most commonly presenting clinically as nephrotic syndrome [1]. The disease most commonly occurs between 50 and...

A RAPIDLY CHANGING CONTEXT Healthcare systems worldwide face increasing challenges. Climate changes, reflected in the rising frequency and severity of heatwaves [1], is further compounded by the resurgence of epidemics [2], population ageing [3], and structural economic pressures [4]....

“The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” Aristotle And thus, on the eve of the approaching year 2026, we have once again found the strength and knowledge to break away from the weight of arduous...

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